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Finance, credit, investments – the economic categories. Modern Interpretation

 

The scientific work in the theories of finance and credit, are characterized by specifying the object of research, versatile and well graded.

The definition of all economic relations in the training process consists spread distribution and use of finance, such as sources of money is large. For example, in “the general theory of finance” There are two definitions of Finance:

1) “… finances reflect economic relations, training fund money sources, in the process of distribution and redistribution of national income distribution and use. This definition is given in relation to the conditions of capitalism, where relations cash commodities are of universal character;

2) “Finance is the formation of central ad decentralized sources of money, economic relations with the relative distribution and use, are used for the exercise of governmental functions and obligations and also expanded the definition of conditions for the production of others. “This definition is applicable without the framework of its action. We share this part of the explanation of finance and I think it appropriate to give some information.

First, overcoming the limits of distribution, finance department and the redistribution of national income, although it is a basic stock of finance. also includes training and use of the sinking fund, which is part of the financial sector, and not on the distribution and redistribution of national income (the value of newly formed one year), but the distribution of value already developed.

This latest outbreak of the first part of the resource industry’s most important, it is later on production costs for a finished product (that is, the value of travel) and, once fully implemented, and it is the Fund launched depression. Its source is taken into account before hand, as a sort of depression in the consistency of the cost of products ready for use.

Secondly, the main objective of finance is much broader scope, then “exercise of public functions and obligations and conditions of additional production.” Finances are at the state level and production level and the branches and in these conditions, if not most of the producers are state owned.

Rodionova VM has a different position on this subject: “Education starts at the Real financial resources of the distribution stage, if the value is achieved and the concrete forms of the realizable value of the economic nature of the income” separately . Rodionova VM is an emphasis in finance, such as the distribution of links when DS Moliakov industrial base points of Finances. Although both of them to support many discussions of finance, as a system of education, distribution and use of funds from sources of money that comes from the following definition of Finance: “The relations of financial cash in the process methods of distribution and redistribution of the partial value of national wealth and total social product is related to the themes of business and education and use of revenue and cost savings in the production opened, the material incentive of employees to satisfy society, social surveys and others. ”

In the textbooks of political economy, we meet with the following definitions of Finance:

“Chief Financial Officer of the socialist state economic (monetary) relations, which has contributed towards the intended distribution of income and savings of money sources of money from the state and manufacturers Socialists to ensure production growth formed over the material and cultural standards of the population and to satisfy any other general social requirements. ”

“The system of creation and use of funds to the Treasury a better guarantee of socialist production more accurately represent the financial position of the socialist society. And all the economic relations between the state has created, produced and organizations, industries, regions, and separate people according to the movement of cash in its financial dealings. ”

As we have seen, definitions of Finance by the financiers and economists do not differ significantly.

In each position, it is discussed:

1) the expression of the essence and appearance in the definition of Finance;

2) the definition of Finance, that the system of production and use of cash resources from sources at the phenomenon.

3) the allocation of finance as a social product and the value of national income, defining the major distributions planned business objectives and economic relations, maintaining that it is used.

If denied the preposition “socialist” in the definition of finance, we can say there is still topical. We meet traditional definitions of Finance, without the adjective “socialist” in the modern economic literature. We can give such an explanation: “Finance is the cash resources of the production and use, and relations appeared in the cash distribution process consists of values and national wealth to education produces economic and additional generation of cash income and savings of Economic Affairs and the State, reward employees and the satisfaction of social needs. “in the elucidation of Finance that Moliakov DS Rodionov VM and definitions that are Heritage traditional, and we have begun to broaden the financial base. They involve “distribution and redistribution of the value created economic product, even the split of the value of national wealth. It’s very late date, on the process of privatization and transition to the protection of privacy and is used regularly in practice in different countries such as Britain and France.

“Finance – Cash-sources, financial resources, their origin and circulation, distribution and redistribution, use and economic relations, which are caused by intercalculations between economic subjects, the flow of sources of cash flow and use.

“Finance is the system of economic relations, which are associated with strong production, distribution and use of financial resources.” We meet with very innovative definitions of Finance, Z. and R. Merton of Body core textbooks. “Finances – is the science of how to conduct the people” spending, deficit and cash income in the period. includes financial decisions of expenditure and revenue, brand separately) in the period, and 2) it is generally impossible to take into account before any of those who get to make decisions, nor any other person ” “. Theory of financial numbers show … which systematically learn the subjects of the distribution of cash compared to the time factor, but also considers quantitative models to implement with the help of the estimate in practice and implementation of alternative versions of any place and financial decisions.

These basic concepts and uses quantitative models for each level of the first financial decisions, but in the current definition of finance, we find the following theory of the financial foundation: the main function of finance is to the satisfaction of the population, issues issues of economic activities of any kind (businesses, including state bodies of each level) are sent to perform this basic function.

The objectives of this monograph, it is important to compare the well-known definitions of Finance decides to credit and investment, how, and how it is possible to integrate finance, investments and loans in total.

Some researchers, whose influence is part of its finances if it is sent from the position of the character and class. The other group is more numerous, an aggregate loan to finance both the economic class, with which he stressed the impossibility of the existence of credit-consistency of Finance.

NK Kuchukova stressed the independence of the category of loans and notes that it addressed only their “characteristic of the motion, the value that is not related to the transfer of credit facilities as well as holders of rights.”

ND Barkovski answers the functioning of
the money has created an economic base for the distribution of finances and credit as a separate category and led to credit and financial relations. He noted the epistemological roots of science in money and credit, as science has on the finances of the company’s exploration of these economic relations based on credit and refuse to cash flow.

Talking about the most common definition of credit. appeared in publications of modern credit for being “lucky”, then funding. For example, we have to perform economically, with the following definition of credit in the financial dictionary: “Credit is the credit in the form of money and goods with the conditions of return, usually by paying per cent. Credit is a form of movement of the debt and expresses the economic relations between the creditor and the borrower.

This is the traditional definition of the institution. In the first dictionary of economics, we read: “Credit is the system of economic relations that have formed, while the transfer of money and material resources at the time of the aid is normally under the conditions of return and the payout percentage.

In the manual of political economy and reduce the VA Medvedev has issued the following definition applies: “Credit as an economic category, press the links created between business, labor and workers in the collective training and use of credit funds under the payment terms and presence of return, while the transfer of sources for use in time and accumulation. The loan can be discussed in the following manner in the manuals prior to the methodical education of political economy: “Credit is the system of relations between the money that is integrated in the process of use and benefit of Cash temporarily available via the budget of the government, unions, manufactures, organizations and people. credit was objective. It is used for the provision of production again extended the state and other needs. Credit finance is different from the character of the poll, while finance companies and organizations by the State without “condition satisfied.

We meet with the following definition, if “the course of the economy:” Credit is an economic category, the relationship is, while the separate industrial organizations or persons transferred money means, at any other time for use under the conditions of return. credit creation through a historical process of the meeting of economic and monetary relations, the form which determines the relationship of money. ”

Scientists believe slightly different definitions of credit:

“Credit – is a loan in the form of money or goods to the borrower who is a creditor under the terms of the declaration and payment of a percentage of the borrower is given.

Credit is the time to give the sources of free money or a product as a liability for the terms defined by the percentage fixed price. Thus, a loan of credit in the form of money or property. In the process of borrowing is movement, a certain relationship between the creditor (the loan is given by a corporation of physics, who are certain that the debt cash flow) and the debtor.

The combination of all of the above definition, we arrive at an idea that credit is money given to the capital of the product as a liability for certain terms and material support in the price of the percentage of business . It expresses certain economic relations between the participants in the process of capital accumulation. The need of the credit relationship is conditioned on the one hand, by taking a fixed amount of money sources and temporarily free of the second page, the existence of questions of them.

While at the same time, we must distinguish between two similar concepts: Loan and credit. Loan is characterized by:

· Here may affect the discussion in the transfer of money and things as a side (rental) to another borrower (): a) ownership of the borrower and at the same time, b) under the declaration of the same amount or same quantity and quality of things;

• The loan money can not bear interest;

• Each person can participate.

The difference is, with loans, credits, which is a sort of private party of loan:

· A side (rental) is the second (the borrower) only money, and _ to the schedule;

ΠIt can withstand, without interest (if something does not foresee assignment);

• In the creditors are not a person but an institution of credit (primarily banks).

Thus, a credit loan. In our opinion, this is not true, “credit” and “loans” used as synonyms.

Bank credit is the union of relations between the Bank (as creditors) and their borrowers. These relationships are:

a) a certain amount of money to the borrower for certain purposes (although we will meet with free credits said, the goals and purposes of credit will not classified) appointed;

b) The timely return;

c) The initial rate of the borrower for the use of sources which, under its provision.

The essential basis of the credit industry and its existence is an important element of trust between both parties (in Latin, “Credo”, hence the word “credit” means “trust”).

From the position of forms of movement (in the abstract, the historical process of formation of exercise economic, social and banking systems of the expression of them) Comparison of different definitions of finance and credit, seems paradoxical conclusion: The credit is used to finance private. And in fact, represent the position of the flow of money forms financed the training process and the use of funds in cash. Very often, these movements are performed without return, but it is sometimes possible to grant loans on the budget for investment projects and other needs. Even using a method of manufacturing companies or their cash flow and we intend to finance industry is subject to such use can be achieved in the manufacture or corporation tax (there is no about the return or not return to work), then free to return under certain conditions. This is a commercial form, as transfer to other sources, but on this occasion, it is the element of the financial system of production and income.

Under the terms of the cash market, the main character of the loan process is the creation and use of funds in cash in terms of the withdrawal and generally below the value portion. If the value of credit instead of gating is not (even in the extraordinary events) that form the basis of traffic, a private loan is to finance, the net financial resources (budget of state) loans, which does not bear interest be. If the block value of credit is through the appearance, form of credit is discussed amending the financing.

From a historical perspective, finance (particularly in the way of the national budget) and credit (beginning with usury, and the latest business and banking district) have been developed for testing credit different from Finance. Although the genetic and historical perspective, previous lenders, before loan stipulates that the permanent collection of capital does not decrease is that the net debt of the Foundation. Banks analog concentrated private influxing important for the consumer “and the percentage is always higher under the conditions of return required. The only financial base, in the kind of financial funds (which later partially Loan Fund) a Bank of the capital seems to make a reservation (insurance) is part of the Fund, the nature of a loan and not. appears, despite the fundamental differences between the financial and credit form the genetic constitution of historically credit finance and represent their amendment.

From the basic position on the expression of economic relations between finance and credit, we will meet with Cardinal distinctions between these two categories. The generally expressed by the distinction of motion or they are not refundable. Finance Express relationships in all aspects of distribution and redistribution of social product and part of the national wealth. distribution of credit r
efers to the corresponding value in the section for loan losses as a percentage, when he was held after the loan itself, only a release once the money sources.

With this, there are many similarities between the financial and credit as the principal, then the shape of the movement. At the same time there is a significant difference between finance and credit in gasoline, then great. Consequently, there must be some kind of economic class in general, see finance and credit as a complete unity, and take place within the category itself, separating the specific nature of finance and credit.

Financing cash flow is that the categories of economic studies. It takes place in a separate system of finance and credit, which is in contact with you at financial analysis and definition of credit. combination of words “Funding Cash (training fund)” reflects and defines the precise nature and form of the economic category of the more general, categories of credit and financial. Although the law and in economic practice, it is very unpleasant, a point of arrival, which consists of three words to use. Also “discharge” with a solid information hardened his influxing in traffic and the conditions of his rigorous reasoning and rigor.

In the context in mind, we discuss:

1) the narrow and broad understanding of the economic category of Finance;

2) discuss finances within the narrow understanding of the general traditional sense;

3) discuss finances, including treasury funding in the broadest sense, to the finances – and credit in the narrow sense – full of meaning.

Conditions “capital” and appropriate “Fund Training will be targeted by us as the structuring of cash to be used on two floors – the accumulation of sources of cash (the survey) and their use for certain purposes in the way of financing and credit.

We’ve created a new terminology – “Financing investment area” (FIS). Analysis of the interaction of finance and loans made by us, give us the opportunity to prove that, in terms indicated, word “financial services” of the importance of sources of funding used cash, their specific structure. In this process, we consider the country’s financial, credit and investment “economic categories.

If we in the middle of the results of discussion on the new term – “Financing of the sphere of investment” and discuss their investments from parts.

The term “investment” in the economics of indigenous brought the West. In the Soviet economics has been used for a long period in the field “investments”, the conditions of capital investment “has expressed that the use of industrial inputs in the field of industrial activities in the actual realization of investment projects. From a glance, these same terms in the concept of “investment”, it is possible to use them as synonyms. Although the terms “investment” and “investing” have the advantage over the terms “principal” for the linguistic and philological view, because they are expressed by a single word. It is not only economical and comfortable in the process of working with “investment”, but there is a chance to terms of education. More precisely: “the investment process,” Investments of domain “,” field of financial investment “- all these terms are much more acceptable.

Change natives with foreign economic size, if it matters (for the parallel use of local terms for inheritance). Even if we do not have to change indigenous economic terms in foreign countries together when they can easily traditional language of ordinal numbers for individuals and close processes and concrete evidence to explain their own terms. The “movement” of these terms is in the confines of licensed professional, but their “spit” is slang in economics in the economic tangled on.

Let’s talk about terminology – “investment” and “capital investment in the economic exploitation of the literature.

The investments are for the benefit of the investment funds in the capital and the movement of capital in order to obtain. “Investment in physical assets – are the investment of funds in the mobile domain and real estate (land, buildings, furniture, etc..) Investments in financial assets, the investment of funds in bank accounts, securities and other instruments Financial.

We disagree with the term “investment” in the dictionary earlier economic terms but we combined investment policy “- Union of industrial decisions to ensure the basic directions of investment activity concentration in determining the suburbs, on the achievement of expected rates of development of the company is starting production, balance and efficiency, increasing production and profits in national income for each ruble has lost. “For today in the latest definitions, are the sole investment of financial resources, if not confined only financially but also takes place, the investment of resources, material and technology informational resources and labor . a particular crisis in the investment process. They have even met any particular investment process.

A positive side effect of definitions discussed is that they connect to the investment policy and investment capital (investment):

- Economic development and the main directions of the merger;

- Provide strong economic growth;

- Increase economic efficiency, which is expressed:

a) by the culture of throwing in the production and national income of each ruble has lost;

b) complying with the sectoral structure of investment;

c) improving their technological structure;

d) optimizing the structure of production.

Compared to such a definition of investment (capital investment) of the definition of investment in fixed dictionary of the economy “appears to be unimproved” investment – the cost of collection of production and resources industrial and material reserve increase. In this definition, the operating costs (production costs) are mixed with the investment (capital) costs. Not even the investment costs, but (even if the investment followed by the corresponding expenditure) are just ahead. It differs from the cost, that means (resources) by returning the values and placed in the progressive growth conditions on which advanced the concept of capital is appropriate. advance the money can be made, natural materials and forms of information.

Except for the terms “investment”, there are two other conditions are related to investment. They are presented below.

“Planned investments in human capital” – Any activity, workers of the rise in labor productivity (through increasing their skills and develop their skills) at the expense of workers’ education to improve the rights, health and increasing mobility of labor. “It is very useful to use these words, even if correction: Investment in human capital, affect not only workers but also the servant of the needs, representatives of each type of work.

“Capital goods, capital goods – a capital increase.”

In the official manual of political economy at the time of the Reformation and its investment “spending to create new funds and major expansion, renovation and renewal of assets” will be discussed. In this definition, investment (capital investment) in the separation of forms (species) to continue production of the main resources are limited only by the main funds (without an increase in blood flow and pension reserves): a) the creation of new b) enlargement c) reconstruction d) Extension. In addition, the concept seems to gather industry is the cost of the expansion basis, cardiovascular agents and insurance technical provisions “.

Here are the definitions of investment from “March of the economy to meet the” investment “means the investment of funds in the capital (inputs), and reserves, and other objects and economic processes , which means long-term demand influxing of material and financial resources. “After the division of capital in physical forms and money, investments must also be divided into physical and financial inves
tments.

They distribute capital goods, which include proposed industrial and not objects of industrial buildings, vehicles for the exchange or advanced technical and park furniture, and other reserves.

“They call the total investment in the production of a good investment to maintain leadership and increase the capital stock (fixed capital) and keep us realized. Total investments consist of two parts. The One is, depreciation, he made a major investment fund compensation for the extension to the level before the industrial use, wear and repair of basic resources. Part II, represented the total investments made Net investment – investment in order to increase the base means. “Depreciation is not an alternative resource to complete the basic tools, but it is the source of funding targeted.

On investment in human capital is a type of investment, particularly in education and health “.

“Real estate investments are investments in the sectors of the economy and also, what are the types of economic activity in influxing increased real capital, increasing the material wealth of industrial products”. We can use such defining a specification agreed that for tangible and intangible assets to real capital (wealth), which has been scientifically studied and experimental results of construction, various information, education, he and other workers. Such service organization excitable games, even the service of the redistribution of social wealth of an individual to another (except for charity).

“Financial assets represent the investment of funds in equities, bonds, notes, other securities and instruments. Give These investments not, of course, increases the real physical capital, but they always win, because of the expense of the development of prices of securities at the time of speculation, or the distinction between the sale price in different locations and to purchase “. We fully share such a definition, which implies that the capital investment (if it does not follow through real investment as a result) is not the real material prosperity and increase the real wealth ideal. Under this context, the term is less important: “We need financial investment, the investment of the Fund accounts for the difference due to the sale and purchase of securities in order to obtain income and financial assets, cash and real are real physical capital offers. ”

The price for “economic” quoted investment in the long and short term are separated. In recognition of the existence of borders between the attribute, the authors short-investments “a month or more as” investments. If these criteria, we determined that we have the investment to overcome the terms of a few months, calls for a long time, which is very doubtful, and we do not share. calls a “long-term nature of investment funds is an essential investment (short term to combine with the concept of investment). In principle, it would be better to stress, upgrade fast balancing and call center average balances of investment in the long term:

- Less than six months – balancing fast

- From 6 months to a year and a half – the mid-called balance;

- Over one and a half years – long known that balancing.

We stopped at the definition of investment in working capital “economic price” for specific purposes, as the author tries to discuss the concept of investment and systemic rather complete, enclosed, the book comes to be published.

We will talk again to the definition of the economic category of “investment” in various publications in the next chapter. The definitions given here are enough to get an idea of the level of illumination of the relevant class in the economic literature.

What conclusions can be made according to the definition of this category in the economic literature, with the exception of the ideas and needs?

It’s a deep, specific and complete defined the term “investment”, different definitions in the literature, especially in the books on investment, which will be considered by us until now, this is not the nature of the investment as an economic category open. In each monograph, even if it has an investment track, as an economic category, there is only the definition, the concept of investment. But as Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, “a concept is a debate that shows something about the specificity of the investigated object. A concept of a lot of essential features is alone, and essentially it’s just – Definition “.

But the categories are much broader, it is “a key, the basic concept of science.” In economic theory, the categories represent a real, objective existence of productive relationships. A category is defined opportunities, there were signs, connections, relationships, the objective world. In principle, any educational process through the categories, which give the ability to share processes and opportunities to meet semantically, because definitions of the expression of a subject and achieve their specific characteristics and economic links between the material world.

Our goal is to establish exactly to invest – as an economic category, and also as a financial category in the narrow sense.

Here, we contacted for manual work with other Academician Vasil Chantladze “any financial relationship is an economic category and for each economic and financial, but not all economic relationships and economic class is the financial relationship and financial category. ”

In the process of definition is important because it is taking the pages of resources, costs and revenues, investment on the one hand, the result is the production company and each other – some Revenue in this case is not used for deployment.

Another reason: It is advisable to discuss investment in two ways: as a category of the reserve and the flood that accurately reflects the relationship between “investment funds” and “investment”.

As mentioned earlier, not long ago, in the famous Soviet literature, the term “investment of money” and “investment supposedly” are synonyms and investment data sources for the additional production of the main funding and training of Fund income. We meet at such an interpretation of the term “investment” (in this case, they separated three types of capital expenditures: investments in private equity, investment in housing and investment in reserves) in modern economic literature and it is above particularly at the macro level, while a statistical analysis of economic processes used. In this particular investment opportunity is the category of reserves.

After the issue of investment in process analysis of industrial activity if it is necessary to ensure diversity of economic relations with the investment of means of production and education more, sources, subjects and objects that can be discussed to enter related to micro-level.

main characteristics of different methods of approaching the concept of “investment” aspect of the extension of the measurement of these ads. Is it possible or not to show investment, regardless of the duration factor (the standard measure of the Assembly, the volume of capital goods, production reserves and so on). If possible, then there is the category of the reserve, and if not, then it is measured in the section of the time and is part of the flow.

Thus, the investment as an economic category, is a very complex concept. It concerns the information to determine the laws governing the function and regulation in the field of investment, the private sector:

Firstly, pool resources and values of industrial activity. Here, the investments can be made as follows:

First real estate and mobile (buildings, structures, furniture and other material values);

Second source of cash, targeted bank accounts, loans, stocks and other securities to long term;

Third owner of rights under the law license, Now-how, experience and other intellectual values;

4th fees for the use of land and other natural resources, including ot
her property rights.

Despite all forms of capital investment is to collect the results. Main investments – the regularity of the Assembly determines the volume and dynamics, in general, very investment.

Second, the level of current income and the dynamics of resource investments. For this, we must emphasize that the process is the introduction of profit, the adequacy of their creation, not a constant, the term “investment”. Collecting the factors of production (the conditions for the use of capital values) and sales (market economy), and the process of capital is a prerequisite for leading and significant investment in education. Although we reiterate that the process of introduction and distribution of income is an essential investment.

The transformation of the investment is the basis for investment, involving the following parties: Resources – Investments (cost) – Capital – Income. The practice of carrying out such a transformation is exactly the circle of investment, the investment activity (investment). On investment, with the exception of the investment itself affect the motivation and stimulation of the capital gain, collect the relations of capital and to submit, even the entire defined level of profitability and capital targets capital growth.

After the above in the definitions of investment as an economic category is sometimes the accuracy and clarity needed not to feel some categories of wealth are represented fairly close. For example, a real prosperity is limited only by estimating material. This brings us to investment funds exposed to the era of societal transformation in industrial investment, nor for the recognition of previously uninvolved in valuable scientific research production, and speculation has objects titles unreal quality consistency, and equal parts it Equalization. made on the basis of the analysis, we can offer a broad definition of investment, as well as leaders cite categories.

investment resources – are values that have invested in specific projects in specific nature for profit always starting material, finished with silver.

Types of wealth are the same type of investment resources and is divided into real money and, therefore, financial resources.

Real estate investment resources affect all types:

- Natural resources;

Resources Work -;

- Material resources, whose use is possible in the economic development (buildings, structures, vehicles and furniture, transport and communication and so on;

- Funds for investment (in the broader understanding that science and research and experimental works, collect the educational potential of the Company and all sorts of useful information written on each possible entry and Door-mail).

Cash, thus affecting all non-monetary financial resources for use in this way in certain conditions or treated in the type of investment.

cash resources (resources turn) in funding in the case of the structuring of funds targeted destination earmarked for investments of any art

By the definition of investment resources, we can make the broad definition of investment as an economic category.

Investments – Investments are real, financial and intellectual resources for projects, their performance will rise and we do real wealth, and material forms of information. It is followed by a bar (financial) wealth or increase (the cost of distribution of cash).

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